*lib - VERB_EN_GB_2018.txt *// copyright 2018 BRITISH COUNCIL Last updated December 12 2018//* *// Verbs THIS LIBRARY REQUIRES ALL 'EN_GB' LIBRARIES TO OPERATE //* noun; { four basic parts; Base > form -ing > form -ed > past form -ed > past participle regular - past tense and past participle irregular - past tense past tense > -ed irregular - was/were, been, began, begun, broke, broken, brought, brought, bought, bought, built, built, chose, chosen, came, come, cost, cost, cut, cut, did, done, drew, drawn, drove, driven, ate, eaten, felt, felt, found, found, got, got, gave, given, went, gone, had, had, heard, heard, held, held, kept, kept, knew, known, left, left, led, led, let, let, lay, lain, lost, lost, made, made, meant, meant, met, met, paid, paid, put, put, ran, run, said, said, saw, seen, sold, sold, sent, sent, set, set, sat, sat, spoke, spoken, spent, spent, stood, stood, took, taken, taught, taught, told, told, thought, thought, understood, understood, wore, worn, won, won, wrote, written } phrases; { main - we 'are' here, I 'like' it, everybody 'saw' the accident, we 'laughed' auxiliary - be -ing form have > -ing been > -ing been > perfect aspect been > continuous have > perfect aspect have > continuous -ing > continuous aspect am/is/are > present continuous was/were > past continuous auxiliary > main past participle past participle > perfect aspect have/has > present perfect had > past perfect modal = can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would } questions; { Yes/No = yes/no response; verb > front Negatives; not > after verb not = not, -n't do/does or did > present simple do/does or did > past simple do/does + not or did + not > present simple (negative) do/does + not or did + not > past simple (negative) have > do/does, did have/has, had > front (subject) not, -n't > after have/has, had negative > not, -n't Wh-; start > what, when, where, which, who, whose, why, how question > front with who, what, which; object > Yes/No verbs/prepositions = end negative to-infinitive > front of to-infinitive questions > front asking } Short; { short forms > answer questions repeat first word > verb phrase; A - 'Can' you come round tomorrow? B - Yes, 'I can' / No, 'I can't' Sometimes > change verb; A - 'Will' you come to the party? B - Yes, we 'might' positive = like think, suppose, expect, hope negative = we use don't, so adverbials of probability = like perhaps, probably, possibly, maybe, definitely, certainly negative > not after adverbial Agreeing/disagreeing; repeat the first word of the verb phrase change the verb present simple = do, does, don't, doesn't > agree or disagree past simple = did, didn't > agree or disagree Tags; short > end of an agreeing comment Yes/No > form tag comment positive > negative tag negative tag > end so; add > positive statement neither, nor; add > negative statement } be; { forms; infinitive form - I am, I'm, You are, You're, He/She/It is, He/She/It's, We are, we're, You are, you're, They are, they're, Am I, Are you, Is he/she it, Are we, Are you, Are they present simple - I am not, I'm not You are not, You aren't, You're not, He/She/It is not, He/She/It isn't, He's not, We are not, We aren't, We're not, You are not, You aren't, You're not, They are not, They aren't, They're not, I was, You were, He/She/It was, We were, You were, They were past simple - I was, You were, He/She/It was, We were, You were, They were, Was I, Were you, Was he/she/it, Were we, Were you, Were they, I was not, I wasn't, You were not, You weren't, He/She/It was not, He/She/It wasn't, We were not, We weren't, You were not, You weren't, They were not, They weren't past participle - been present perfect - has/have, been past perfect - had been present participle - being present continuous - am/is/are being past continuous - was/were being infinitive form > modal verbs be > link verb; noun phrase EXAMPLE - Bill Clinton 'was the president of the US' -ing form > continuous past participle > passive (some) nouns > that clause nouns > verb to infinitive nouns > (verb) followed 'that' clause; answer, argument, assertion, belief, claim, explanation, feeling, hope idea, (a) pity, rule (a), shame, thing nouns > (verb) followed to infinitive; answer, decision, hope, idea, intention, promise, thing, way, wish comment statements > adjectives with it/that/wh- clause awful, bad, clear, extraordinary, funny, good, interesting, lucky, obvious, possible, probable, sad, true, unlikely } Present tense; { {present tense is used to talk about the present and to talk about the future} forms - present simple, present continuous, present perfect, present perfect continuous ALL > talk present, future present forms past > summarising, 'storytelling' } past tense; { {to talk about the past to talk about hypotheses things that are imagined rather than true for politeness} forms - past simple, past continuous, past perfect, past perfect continuous ALL > talk past, conditions, hypotheses, wishes past forms present > in polite expressions } perfective aspect; { present perfect to show that something has continued up to the present present perfect continuous to show that something has been continuing up to the present present perfect continuous to show that something has been continuing up to the present past perfect continuous to show that something had been continuing up to a time in the past or was important at that time in the past will > in the future would > did not happen (past) other modals perfective > looking back continuous aspect; { formed > be, –ing before and after > happening before and after > continuing some time > continuing something > temporary something > new something > changing/developing } modal; { can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must {show believe something is certain, probable or possible (or not)} certain, probable, possible; possibility - modals could, might, may could have, might have, may have > show something was possible 'now' or 'past' can > general statements could > past impossibility - modal negative can't or cannot can't or cannot > show something impossible couldn't/could not > past probability - modal must must {something to be true and we have reasons for our belief} must > we are sure must have > past should > suggest truth should have > past ability, permission, requests, advice; {modals are used to do things like talking about ability, asking permission making requests, and so on} ability; can > someone's skill or general abilities can > present or future could > past could have > ability/opportunity but did not permission; can > ask permission could > polite/formal version 'can' may > more formal 'could' can > give permission may > formal 'can' permission can > someone has permission may > formal 'can' has permission instructions, requests; could you > polite ways of telling or asking someone to do something would you > polite ways of telling or asking someone to do something can > less polite will > less polite suggestions, advice; should > suggestions, give advice could > suggestions conditionals > advice past tenses > polite offers and invitations; can I > make offers shall I > make offers I can > make offer I'll > make offer I will > make offer would you like > invitations you must > 'polite' invitation we must > 'polite' invitation obligation, necessity; must > necessary something had to > past tense have; verb + have > past participle modal verb w/ have > refer back present > will have future > might not have past > should have past > might have can, could, could have; questions > after 'subject' can/could negative questions > can't negative form could > couldn't can > ability can't > ability say > possible or impossible for > requests or refusals can > offer could > past tense = can couldn't > past tense = can't make > polite request make > polite offer may, might, may have, might have; make > questions negative > may not negative > might not may not > emphatic 'refusal' might > not sure past tense - may > requests may > polite requests may have > something possibly happened 'past' might have > something possibly happened 'past' can or could; possibility - can > general statements can > past tense of could could > something possible 'future' impossibility - can't, cannot > something impossible couldn't > past tense could not > past tense ability - can > general abilities can > present can > future could > past permission - can > ask permission could > formal of can could > polite of can instructions, requests - could you > polite telling/asking can > less than could offers, invitations - can I > make offer I could > can I will; talk > future talk > people make > promises, offers beliefs; will > future offers, promises; I will > promises/offers 'make' we will > promises/offers 'make' conditionals; will > if unless - future, present would; past tense > will talk > past hypotheses > imagined 'untrue' for > politeness beliefs; would > past tense 'will' willingness; use > past tense 'will' would > -n't willing > -n't talk > act of past 'wanted' conditionals; would > hypotheses advice > past tense phrases; would you would you mind (not) -ing would you like would you like to I would like I'd like I'd rather I would think I would imagine I'd guess conditionals; if > past tense what if > past tense give > advice will have, would have; will have > looking back present 'time' would have > past tense 'will have' would have > past conditionals 'not happen' } active, passive voice; { transitive verbs - active & passive forms EXAMPLE - (active "The hunter killed the lion", passive "The lion was killed by the hunter") passive > made up be 'past tense' passive > past participle some > get 'passive' by > show action indirect object > passive verb phrasal verbs > passive frequently used passive > to-infinitive } to + infinitive; { to-infinitive > purpose after certain verbs > express thinking choose, decide, expect, forget, hate, hope, intend, learn, like, love, mean, plan, prefer, remember, would, like, would, love after certain verbs > express feeling choose, decide, expect, forget, hate, hope, intend, learn, like, love, mean, plan, prefer, remember, would, like, would, love saying - agree, promise, refuse direct object - advise, ask, encourage, invite, order, persuade, remind, tell, warn, expect, intend, would prefer, want, would like to-infinitive > reason - disappointed, glad, sad, happy, anxious, pleased, surprised, proud, unhappy to-infinitive - able, unable, due, eager, keen, likely, unlikely, ready, prepared, unwilling, willing to-infinitive > give opinions - difficult, easy, possible, impossible, hard, right, wrong, kind, nice, clever, silly, foolish preposition > who postmodifier > abstract noun - ability, desire, need, wish, attempt, failure, opportunity, chance, intention can be indefinite pronouns > postmodifier } -ing forms; { noun > nearly always uncount nouns adjective > object, adverbial, clause, subject adjective > object of am preposition front > noun after > noun } talking about present; { present simple; regularly > present continually > happening talk > generally, always true present continuous; temporary > present regularly > before time regularly > after time regularly > given time modal; talk > unsure } talking about past; { past simple; happened > particular time happened > past continued > past past use - used to, would stative > would past continuous; happened > before time happened > after time action > before action > after future; past = would, was/were going to } talking about future; { know > use present tense present simple > scheduled present continuous > plans will > future predictions; want > mean willing > mean make > offers, promises be; talk > plans talk > intentions see > likely happen would like, plan, want, mean, hope, expect > future modals; may, might, and could > not sure should > likely happen time > when, after, until time > present tense if; future > present tense will > not if unless 'promise' future continuous > for emphasis } time; { {time clauses and conditionals follow the same pattern except} clauses > when, after, until present tense > talking future conditional clauses > unless present tense > future will > time words if > time words will > promise offer if; hypotheses > past tense present > if something > has not happened something > is not happening something > believe or know will not happen suggestions > about what might happen main clause > past = modal 'have' main clause > present = modal 'without have' } wishes; { past tense forms > wishes modals; would > future could > future past tense; talk > present past perfect; talk > past } hypotheses; { present tense forms > talking phrases - what if, in case, suppose past tense; talk > future suppose > not likely happen what if > not likely happen would > future could > future would > main clause 'past' would > imagined future have > not happen 'past' } delexical; { verbs - have, take, make, give, go and do important meaning > from verb adjectives > front noun have > nouns formed 'verb' } double object; { two object > indirect object and a direct object clauses structure > VERB + NOUN (indirect object) + NOUN (direct object) prepositional phrase > to prepositional phrase > for } link; { {some verbs are followed by either a noun or an adjective} clauses structure; NOUN + VERB + NOUN NOUN + VERB + ADJECTIVE NOUN + VERB + NOUN NOUN + VERB + ADJECTIVE } phrasal; { two part > verb 'particle' verb > new meaning transitive > NOUN (subject) + VERB + PARTICLE + NOUN (object) usual > NOUN + VERB + NOUN + PARTICLE personal > NOUN + VERB + NOUN + PARTICLE } reflexive; { are; singular - myself; yourself; himself; herself; itself plural - ourselves; yourselves; themselves reflexive pronoun > after transitive verb direct object > same, subject 'verb' change meaning > when 'direct' object } ergative; { {both transitive and intransitive} Transitive - NOUN + VERB + NOUN Intransitive - NOUN + VERB Transitive - NOUN + VERB + NOUN Intransitive - NOUN + VERB } followed by -ing; { liking, disliking - detest, dislike, enjoy, hate, fancy, like, love passive form > being + past participle Noun + -ing > senses } followed by that clause; { that > after 'thinking' think, believe, expect, decide, hope, know, understand, suppose, guess, imagine, feel, remember, forget that > after 'saying' say, admit, argue, reply, agree, claim, deny, mention, answer, complain, explain, promise, suggest indirect object tell, convince, persuade, inform, remind advice, belief, claim, feeling, argument, hope, promise, report, guess, opinion, idea after 'some' nouns fact, advantage, effect, possibility, chance, danger, evidence, problem, difficulty, after verb - danger, problem, chance, possibility, fact after adjectives pleased, sorry, happy, unhappy, sad, excited, glad, disappointed, afraid No "that" always > without 'that' } followed by the to-infinitive; { some > follow to-infinitive common verbs > follow to-infinitive thinking/feeling - choose, decide, expect, forget, hate, hope, intend, learn, like, love, mean, plan, prefer, remember, would, like, would, love saying - agree, promise, refuse other common - arrange, attempt, fail, help, manage, tend, try, mend NOUN; saying - advise, ask, encourage, invite, order, persuade, remind, tell, warn wanting - expect, intend, would, prefer, want, would like, allow, enable, force, get, teach Passive {sometimes followed by a passive infinitive (to be + past participle)} /recall -- Oxford University Press *END*